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Former Scientist Centers Data in Her HS Biology Instruction

Maria Lee, High School Bio Teacher

Before Maria Lee became a science teacher, she was an environmental scientist. Her experiences working on salmon restoration in Washington State influence her approach to instruction.

“Primarily, I understand the importance of data,” Lee explained. “Data is not perfunctory; it is really an essential part of understanding science.”

As such, Lee dedicates a substantial portion of her high school biology course at East High School in Salt Lake City to the mathematical aspects of scientific understanding. In the past when working with data, Lee has had students use premade graphs or make their own using spreadsheets. This year, she opted to use Tuva. Now Lee calls out Tuva as one of her three favorite curriculum supplements, alongside leading EdTech platforms Newsela and Nearpod.

Lee was introduced to Tuva last year, but was hesitant to use it, fearing the learning curve would be steep. When she finally dove in this year, she discovered her worries were unfounded. Lee noted she did not spend time learning the Tuva tools in advance, but learned them in tandem with her students.

“ After just one day of playing around with Tuva with my students, I felt so comfortable- nearly expert level.”

“Suddenly, They Could See It”

The reasons for Lee’s enthusiasm are multiple. First and foremost, incorporating Tuva has accelerated her students’ learning.

Her first unit, a riff off of OpenSciEd’s Ecosystem Interactions and Dynamics, leaned into analyzing and interpreting line graphs and scatter plots. Lee described a class in which students were identifying whether or not there was a relationship between rainfall and wildebeest behavior in the Serengeti.

An example of student work from Lee’s class. Lee pulled data from OpenSciEd into Tuva.

Up to this point in their OpenSciEd unit, they’d primarily used line graphs to observe change over time. Now, they were struggling with the transition to scatter plots, getting confused about time versus relationship.

Lee uploaded the data onto Tuva and projected a scatter plot of rainfall vs. wildebeest occupancy on her interactive whiteboard. Then she had students come up and trace the dots from left to right and try to describe what their hand was doing- going up, going down, staying steady, or moving erratically. Some students were getting it, but many were not. Lee had them activate the least squares line.

Then, she said, “suddenly they could see it!” The line helped them ignore the background noise and identify the trend.

Another student work sample, this time with a scatter plot.

Student Ownership

Lee also said she appreciates the level of ownership Tuva gives students in the process of data exploration.

“Tuva puts students first in their interaction with data, so that they are driving their interaction and learning with the data and not getting it secondhand through a teacher filtering it for them.”

This level of independence is possible, she said, because Tuva leaves room for making mistakes and fixing them. With other tools, she’s needed to be more prescriptive because mistakes are harder to recover from.

Academic Communication: Scaffolding Up

Finally, Lee credits Tuva with creating more opportunities for extended learning. For example, when working with a class of multilingual learners, she found that Tuva’s interactive graphing tools accelerated the learning process enough that some students had time to deepen their interpretation.

Her class was working on the Tuva activity Dynamic Wildlife. (You can interact with the Wolf and Elk in Yellowston dataset the activity uses below!) She asked all students in the section to use the Identify and Interpret ( I²) method to discuss the wolf and elk population data. For example, a student might identify, “I see the line goes up at the start of the graph,” and interpret, “This means the number of wolves was increasing.”

Try dragging and dropping Elk Count (observed) onto the Y2 axis.

Many students completed this task quicker than they would have with print resources or spreadsheets. Lee capitalized on the newly-freed time to teach them to add quantitative measures, such as year and population count, to their evidence.

Lee noted that her class’s work with Tuva fits perfectly into the larger district goals, such as strengthening academic discourse and writing. Referring to Tuva as a “writing-science interface”, she said, “It’s the only tool I know that is really actively improving reading and writing skills for science. ”

Penn. Teacher Revitalizes Math Through Culture

Unique Approach Reveals Cross-Cultural Application of Mathematics

“The disconnect between the high school curriculum and students’ lives is all too common, particularly in math, and it frustrates me.”

High school math teacher Gerald Smith is concerned about mathematics instruction in the United States.

Smith’s concerns are shared by others, including the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. In a May 2024 position statement, the council expressed dissatisfaction with traditional modes of instruction which leave “students feeling a disconnect” and encouraged educators to humanize mathematics, to help students see math as a creative process of exploring and interacting with the world.

Smith has been teaching math for more than 20 years. He currently teaches pre-algebra and geometry at Indiana Area Senior High School in Indiana, Pennsylvania, and has been there for more than a decade. Previously, he taught abroad in Namibia and Eritrea.

In his efforts to help students see math as a vehicle for solving problems, Smith incorporates authentic applications from various cultures into his instruction. By using both local and international examples of mathematics applications, Smith helps students see math as something that is both universal and diverse. Tuva helps him do that.

Missing the Application for the Tools

“Math classes should be about how we use this tool of mathematics to understand the world around us,” explained Smith. “Many state and national exams focus too much on the tool itself, and not how it is used. It’s like being in a carpentry class, and only studying the power drill, not what you can do with it.”

“It’s like being in a carpentry class and only studying the power drill, not what you can do with it.”

This perspective is shared and elaborated upon further in the book Math is a Verb by professors Jim Barta, Ron Eglash, and Cathy Barkley. Their book challenges the perception of math as a set of static rules written in ancient times.

“Across the globe, people who would never be considered mathematicians are engaged with mathematical activities in the work they complete, the artifacts they construct, or the objects they design,” they counter. Furthermore, “mathematics is best understood as we experience its application within the cultures and contexts in which it is applied.”

Going Global

Smith with Karpathos municipal officials Vice Mayor Stathis Galafanakis (L) and civil engineer Jimmy Gorgatsoulis (R)

Smith’s most recent attempts to reveal mathematics as a living, breathing, multicultural discipline brought him to Greece. All teachers in his district are eligible for a partially paid sabbatical after their first 10 years of teaching. In anticipation, he applied for and was awarded a scholarship from the Fulbright Distinguished Awards in Teaching Research Program. Smith spent his six-month sabbatical gathering data in Greece and networking with educators and policymakers who live there.

He returned with a collection of self-made lesson plans. The lessons simultaneously address key mathematical concepts and reveal how communities in Greece are applying math to solve real-world problems. Each of his lessons utilizes authentic data gathered from a municipality or other civic organization in Greece.

Using Linear Regression to Predict Water Supply

Smith has a blog called Mr. Smith’s Mathbox where you can read about his adventures in Greece and access his lesson materials. The link for Lesson 1 will bring you to Tuva and a lesson titled, “Is the rain going to be enough?”

Smith’s “Is the rain going to be enough?” lesson on Tuva.

The lesson confronts students with an issue facing municipal leaders on the island of Karpathos, Greece. Even as a long-anticipated reservoir is being built, rainfall is decreasing and population is increasing. They’re worried the supply of drinking water will not meet demand. Smith challenges students to use linear regression to model rainfall and population levels by 2030 and predict whether or not the reservoir will be adequate.

Finding the Right Tool

Real-world data can be hard to comprehend without the right scaffolding. Smith discovered the Tuva Tools when he was searching for a way to enable his students to actively and independently explore the datasets he’d gathered. He decided it would be a good fit for his project.

“The tool is so powerful, especially for kids who don’t identify themselves as data folks,” he explained.

Smith worked with Tuva to get his datasets added to the Dataset Library. Then, he used the Tuva Activity Builder to create his own lessons.

To create your own activities, find the cranberry-colored Create Activity button next to any dataset in Tuva’s Dataset Library.

Tuva’s Activity Builder enables users to create their own lessons based on datasets in Tuva’s Dataset Library. (Subscribers can create activities using any of the > 400 datasets in the library, and Basic users can create activities using any of the datasets marked “free”.)

Smith has integrated the Tuva tools into three of his other lessons as well. In “Island Hopping” students use data to make a recommendation to the Ios municipality on whether the island can support more swimming pools. (Below, explore the Ios dataset using the Tuva tools.)

Students note trends in how tourists are arriving and where they are lodging in Smith’s “Hypertourism” and “Sleeping in Santorini” lesson sequence. Then they use linear models to predict how many beds will be needed in basic vs. luxury accommodations in the coming years.

Best Understood Indeed

The common denominator in these lessons is context. If, as Barta et al. stated, “mathematics is best understood as we experience its application within the cultures and contexts in which it is applied,” Smith’s students will leave his class with a deeper comprehension of the underlying meaning of mathematics.

Want to Play?

Tinker with Smith’s four Greece datasets on Tuva for free until the end of November.

Engaging Students with Data That Hits Close to Home

In 2023, Minnesota saw an unprecedented 22 air quality alerts in just 52 days. And for one day in mid-May 2024, St. Paul held the unenviable position of worst air quality in the United States.

6th-grade Earth Science Teacher Emily Harer saw potential for authentic science learning in the unfortunate air quality downturn. Air quality issues are a suitably complex issue. Since the publication of the Next Generation Science Standards in 2013, major emphasis has been placed on anchoring science learning in complex phenomena. Even better, it was a phenomenon her students could immediately relate to.

“National curriculum is often focused on things that aren’t local,” she explained. “Having local phenomena is extremely important for students to latch onto.”

Harer, who teaches at Global Arts Plus Upper School in St. Paul, said she wants students to know that science is all around them and that they can contribute to the body of science knowledge through research and data collection. That’s much easier to do if the phenomenon they’re studying is local and relevant.

Putting Local Data into Students’ Hands

During the 2023-24 school year, Harer engaged her students in a month-long air quality unit. Throughout the unit, Harer had her students investigate the myriad factors contributing to air quality. Using historical weather and air pollution data from the National Weather Service and the Environmental Protection Agency, Harer created datasets using all local data. Then she uploaded them into Tuva and embedded them into the lessons on her class website.

Harer’s students can use Tuva tools to manipulate the data right on her class website because she has embedded the datasets on it.

“It was exciting to see students think about experimental setup, drag and drop the attributes, to then find answers to their questions,” said Harer.

Hosting the data in Tuva allowed her students to more easily interact with it and to look for relationships between particulate matter and other variables such as wildfires, rainfall, seasons, and land cover.

Students were able to manipulate the data to determine when wildfire smoke was in the air in Ramsey County in 2023. They saw the daily changes in particulate matter through time and could point directly to when the wildfire happened.

A student uses Tuva to explore the variables that impact St. Paul’s air quality.

The complexity of the phenomenon prompted students to generate new questions as they encountered unexpected findings. For example, when they compared ozone and temperature data in Ramsey County to Voyageurs National Park to the north, they realized that their prediction was actually opposite to what the data showed. Voyageurs National Park had substantially more ozone than Ramsey County in the spring. This cognitive dissonance spurred further inquiry and research.

Outcomes: Engagement and Deep Understanding

The combination of real-world, local data and Tuva tools is one Harer plans to repeat for two reasons: engagement and depth of understanding.

“I don’t usually see people getting that jacked about graphs,” admitted Harer.

Memorable student reactions when playing with the data on Tuva included: “Oh wow! Oh my gosh, I just did that!”, “Whoa! The rain washed that particulate matter out!!” and, “Dang! This is really life… in St. Paul.”

Engagement drove learning. By the end of the unit, students really understood particles in the air and were asking deep questions about weather, topography, vegetation, and air quality – startling high-quality questions. Jason Johnson, chief engineer at TSI Inc., a Minnesota-based company that designs and engineers air monitors for scientific research, visited the class near the end of the unit. During his visit, he projected a graph from his graduate program and was surprised at the students’ insightful observations and questions.

“They are 6th-graders, and they understand this so deeply!” he told Harer.

The graph Jason Johnson shared with Harer’s 6th-graders during his classroom visit, from “Engines and nanoparticles: a review” David B. Kittelson Journal of Aerosol Science. Volume 29, Issues 5–6, 1 June 1998, Pages 575-588

Taking it Even Further

This year, Harer plans to expand the project to include data collected by instruments on the roof of the school buildings. The campus has a weather station. Last year, Harer was able to use grant funding from the National STEM Scholar Program to purchase and install a BlueSky air quality monitor as well. By the time her Air Quality Unit rolls around, she will have a full year of data from these instruments. She anticipates that her hyper-local weather and air quality data will be even more engaging for her students and will help them understand how science fits into their lives.

Emily Harer poses beside the school’s new BlueSky air monitor with Dr. Lucy Rose from the University of Minnesota Department of Forestry Resources. Rose assisted with the project.

“I see science everywhere. When kids do too, that is so exciting” she said. “I want kids to see how cool Minnesota is and that we have a lot to offer here.”

Incorporate Local Data into Your Lessons

Uploading data into Tuva and sharing it with your students is simple. Here are the steps and, in case you need help, links to our associated support pages.

Find data and, if it is not already, put it into a spreadsheet.
Upload the data on Tuva.
Share the dataset by assigning it to your class or embedding it onto your website.

Elementary Educator Gives All of Her Students Sugar Cubes

…and deeper learning ensues

On the surface, giving 5th-graders sugar cubes seems like a terrible idea. But BJ Barrie, a math and science teacher at Euper Lane Elementary School in Fort Smith, Arkansas had her reasons. Chief among them was Barrie’s goal to help students realize they’re capable of making sense of the world on their own.

Barrie was in the midst of a unit on matter. She’d challenged her students to investigate how temperature affects solubility (hence the sugar cubes). Instead of giving the students step-by-step instructions for carrying out the experiment, she left it open-ended, giving them occasional prompts to keep them thinking as they figured out what would work on their own.

**The Challenges of Doing Science in Elementary School**

At the beginning of the year, Barrie’s students often asked her to explain why things happened, expecting that they’d just be told. They didn’t trust themselves to figure out the phenomenon; they didn’t know the steps to take to do so. Barrie says this insecurity likely resulted from limited exposure to hands-on science.

“Some of the early elementary teachers have not had the time to hone in on science as much as they would like to,” explained Barrie.

They’re not alone. A 2021 report from the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine revealed the average elementary student spends less than 20 minutes per day on science.

Science and social studies are often squeezed out of the elementary curriculum due to time pressures from other subjects. Increasingly rigorous and frequent standardized testing in English language arts and mathematics results in these subjects being prioritized.

Some school systems attempt to address the dearth of science instructional time by having students read non-fiction texts about science during their literacy block. Passive methods of relaying content information, like reading and watching videos, fall short of teaching students science practices, however.

**“Why Do You Think That Happened?”**

Barrie’s goal is to graduate 5th-graders who know how to apply the science practices to make sense of phenomena on their own. Hence her mantra: “Why do you think that happened?” This short phrase both turns her students’ attention back to the investigative process and imparts her trust in their ability to figure it out.

“With hands-on experiments, students directly observe phenomena and manipulate variables,” explained Barre. “They develop a deeper understanding of scientific principles by seeing how theories apply in real-world situations.”

Data plays a key role in helping Barrie’s students generate claims in response to her oft-asked question, “Why do you think that happened?” When no one is giving them the “answer”, they need to turn to the data to find out what might be going on. (Ahem- sort of like professional scientists do.)

For example, during the sugar cube experiment, there were three people who dissolved the cube in less than a minute. Barrie encouraged her students to look closely at the class-wide data. What was the difference?

Tuva Jr. Helps Elementary Students Make Sense of Their Data

When sensemaking happens through hands-on experimentation, students must be equipped with the skills necessary to interpret and analyze the resultant data. Like other skills, data literacy must be taught. In Barrie’s classroom, students have built up these data literacy muscles using Tuva Jr., Tuva’s new program designed for kids in grades 3-5. Barrie participated in the Tuva Jr. pilot program earlier this school year and has been a regular user since.

Barrie said she loves Tuva Jr. because “students not only learn data analysis but also discover the power of curiosity and critical thinking.”

Barrie said the playful nature of the Tuva Jr. tools appeals to her students. Like Tuva, the graphing interface uses interactive drag-and-drop technology, making it easy for students to choose which attributes (variables) they want to explore. Students can also choose from a menu of graph types. These are our tried and trusted features that place students in the driver’s seat in a way that can’t happen with static data tables and graphs.

But Tuva Jr. also has unique features. It opens in “Play View” where each case is represented by a playing card, and when users switch to the “Plot View” the data points retain a playful shape, such as that of a football or a koala. Additionally, to prevent overwhelming younger students, the toolbar is simplified and the overall number of attributes and cases is smaller.

Relevance is another strong suit of Tuva Jr., according to Barrie.

“I like how Tuva has content about different things that would be interesting to my students,” said Barrie.

So far, her kids’ favorite Tuva Jr. activities include Comparing Candy and Beach Cleanup. While the candy-themed activity was a fan favorite for obvious reasons, the litter dataset prompted their intellectual curiosity. Knowing that this data was real deepened the conversation. Beach Cleanup launched a wide-ranging discussion about what is considered junk, how certain items could have found their way to the beach, and how plastic never really goes away. Barrie’s students were surprised by how much junk was found on the beach and were inspired to think of strategies for preventing plastic waste that can be carried by wind or water to the water’s edge.

The Case for Giving 10-Year-Olds Sugar Cubes

Our world is a complex place. There’s an unspeakable complexity in nature- in the structure of a glucose molecule or in the creation of a cumulus cloud, for example. And there’s immense complexity in the world’s latest problems, like garbage islands and nanoplastic pollution. When our kids are all grown up and tackling their own generation’s conundrums, they’ll need to ask themselves, “Why do we think that happened?”, and they’ll need to have the capability to gather and analyze data to help them get closer to the answer. That capacity does not just suddenly emerge at a certain age; it has to be built up gradually.

While the potential short-term consequences of giving a room full of 5th-graders sugar cubes loom large, the consequences of not entrusting them with decision-making power while we still have the opportunity to nurture and direct those powers is far greater. BJ Barrie has the long game in mind.

“Why are we learning this?”

Utah Teacher Macy Cook Is Ready With an Answer

Macy Cook is a 6th-grade teacher in Salt Lake City, Utah. Her self-contained classroom at Uintah Elementary School houses 28 11- and 12-year-olds. Like many students on the cusp of adolescence, Cook’s pupils are beginning to chafe at authority and to question the requirements adults place upon them. They want to know, “Why are we learning this?”

Cook doesn’t believe it’s a snarky question, but rather a valid query that deserves a serious response. She vividly recalls hating it when teachers responded, “Because I said so,” and she’s determined to reply thoughtfully when her own students wonder about the importance of a particular concept.

“I want everything to have a reason,” she said. “I want them to know where it will show up in their life, so it has purpose.”

Purpose and Application – A Quick Snapshot of the Research

Cook’s educational philosophy aligns well with national efforts to improve science education and is backed by a substantial body of research. One of the major principles of The Framework for K-12 Science Education is Connecting to Students’ Interests and Experiences.

“In order for students to develop a sustained attraction to science and for them to appreciate the many ways in which it is pertinent to their daily lives, classroom learning experiences in science need to connect with their own interests and experiences.” – The Framework for K-12 Science Education

Multiple studies indicate lack of purpose hinders STEM learning. Interventions that emphasize the utility of science improve outcomes and persistence, particularly for historically underrepresented students. Practitioners have shown when students apply science, such as when they participate in citizen science, it can enhance motivation, interest, knowledge, and communication skills.

Tuva Helps Contextualize Science

Cook was introduced to Tuva this winter when she participated in a professional development series hosted by the Salt Lake City School District and led by Tuva instructional specialists. Cook quickly became a fan and has been frequently using Tuva with her students.

“Tuva has been really amazing for them to see the real-world application of the topics they’ve learned,” said Cook.

Tuva’s Content Library includes 400 curated, real-world datasets and more than 450 applied math and science lessons based on them, which makes connecting to the world outside of the classroom easy.

Recently, Cook’s students have been studying atomic chemistry. Cook said it is hard for sixth graders to wrap their heads around the concept that elements make up molecules and molecules make up everything on Earth.

Cook used Tuva’s Nature of the Elements activity to help her kids grasp the importance of elements.

Tuva’s lesson, Introduction: The Nature of Elements, intentionally pointed out the relevance. One question prompted students to complete the sentence, “A few elements that are important to me are…” Cook expanded the question to include, “What elements do you recognize?” Within moments, students were calling across the room as they encountered familiar terms. “Aluminum- like in aluminum foil.” “Neon signs.” “Oxygen!” “We use chlorine in our pool.”

Understanding the elements’ ubiquity gave purpose to the ensuing exercise. Exploring the trends in the periodic table was transformed from something abstract to something intimately connected to their daily lives.

Another Answer to “Why?’

When Cook was in 6th grade, her math teacher’s response to, “Why?” was, “You are not going to always have a calculator in your back pocket.” Flash forward 20-odd years- Cook grins at me through the Zoom screen and waggles her cell phone. (Psyche!)

Technology has and will continue to evolve rapidly. Cook predicts our rapidly changing world will require today’s students to have stronger data literacy skills.

“The future of what the kids are going to do is probably going to be computer-based, so learning how to manipulate and read data is really important. Even if it’s not something the average adult does now, it will be.”

Experts agree. Harvard Data Science Review estimated there will be more than 150,000 U.S. job openings requiring data analysis skills by 2025. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports higher-than-average job growth in data-related careers by 2032. Graduates with strong data skills will have an advantage, not only in data science but also in diverse fields such as agriculture and real estate that increasingly rely on data.

What’s Obvious to Us, Isn’t to Them

The reasons for providing a rigorous education in science and data literacy are obvious to adults. Not so for kids. Cook’s intentional focus on purpose and application, combined with the baked-in relevance of real-world data, ensures that her students are never left wondering, “Why am I Iearning this?”